第三章 完整练习的详解
Passage l
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport , comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs , education , religion , parliamentary coverage, children ' s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of 83 pounds per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years--yet the BBC' s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government , which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers--to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC' s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation-of whom there are many---are fond of quoting the American slogan "If it ain't broke, don't fix it. " The BBC "ain' t broke" ,they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word 'broke' , meaning having no money) , so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels---TV and Channel 4-were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the rival of new satellite channels--funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term .
1. The world famous BBC now faces__ .
(A) the problem of new coverage
(B) an uncertain prospect
(C) inquiries by the general public
(D) shrinkage of audience
2. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?
(A) Extension of its TV service to Far East.
(B) Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
(C) Potentials for further international co-operations.
(D) Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
3. The BBC's "royal charter" (Line 4, Paragraph 3) stands for__
(A) the financial support from the royal family
(B) the privileges granted by the Queen
(C) a contract with the Queen
(D) a unique relationship with the royal family
4. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than__
(A) the emergence of commercial TV channels
(B) the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
(C) the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
(D) the challenge of new satellite channels
第一步,读题
第一题问世界著名的BBC现在面对着什么,问题中的核心是BBC,然后是关于它现在面临的问题,属于涉及具体内容的题,应该记。我们看到说BBC面临的问题的地方,即便不一定明确出现了face这个词,但是只要涉及这方面,就要仔细读,需要的话就划下来。
第二题问下面关于BBC的哪一个不是作为关键issue提到的。没有涉及到具体内容,不用记。不过提醒我们要把关于BBC的,特别是涉及到“关键”的那些话仔细读一读。
第三题问BBC的royal charter代表什么。问题指出了这个词的具体位置(第几段的第几行),所以也不用记。
第四题读题的时候可能会有一些障碍,障碍1是foremost这个词可能不认识,障碍2是no other than不知道究竟是什么意思。foremost即便不认识,但是most总是认识的,可以猜出应该和most的意思比较接近。再看后面跟的是reason,原因,猜到应该是最重要的意思。至于no other than,假设没有背过这个短语,就从字面上理解。“没有其它的比……更……”,我们可以想象如果是汉语里我们说这样一个句式,比如“没有别的比这件衣服更好看了”,说得是不是一个肯定的意思?知道这个方向也就够了。第四题问的是BBC不得不调整自己的最主要的原因是什么,也涉及到了具体信息,需要记。看到和readjust意思相近的(不见得就是这个词!),就要注意了,而且最关键的是要找调整的原因。
现在再把需要记的题目的内容及顺序在脑子里过一遍:BBC现在面对着什么,BBC不得不调整自己的最主要的原因是什么。
现在可以开始读文章了。
第二步,读文章
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport , comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs , education , religion , parliamentary coverage, children ' s pragrammes and films for an annual licence fee of 83 pounds per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years--?yet the BBC' s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, ?but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government , which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers--to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC' s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation-of whom there are many---are fond of quoting the American slogan "If it ain't broke, don't fix it. " The BBC "ain' t broke" ,they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word 'broke' , meaning having no money) , so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels---TV and Channel 4-were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the rival of new satellite channels--funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscrip- tions-④which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
随着BBC世界服务电视台的开始,数百万的观众在亚洲和美洲的现在能看到Corporation新闻覆盖,也能听。当然在英国,听众和观众可以收听到两个BBC的电视频道,5个BBC国家广播服务和dozens的当地广播电台。他们带来了sport , comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs , education , religion , parliamentary coverage, children ' s pragrammes and films(这一串并列的词没有必要每一个都仔细看,知道是很多不同类型的节目就可以了,何况问题也没有涉及到)每年每户83英镑的许可费。
这是个remarkable的记录,stretching回到70多年前——然而BBC的未来现在让人充满怀疑。(第一题问BBC现在面对着什么,也就是存在着问题,现在说到它的未来让人怀疑,显然要说它的问题了,先把这里划下来)The Corporation(这里显然是指BBC)将会存在作为一个公共出资的广播组织,至少for the time being(看不懂也不要紧,往下看),但是它的角色,它的规模和节目现在已经成了主题,全国争议的在英国。(读完这一句我们可以判断出这一句but后面的部分就是第一题对应的地方,划下来,标上题号1。而且这其实是对前面一句yet the BBC' s future is now in doubt的具体解释,所以前面那句也是第一题的答案的出处。应该注意,现在考题出的越来越隐蔽,可能不太经常出现题目中问到的一个词,在原文中会原封不动的找到的情况。比如问题中问face什么问题,这段话中并没有出现face,但是通过读文章,我们发现确实说得是面对的问题,所以要有读完之后回过头去把相关内容划出来的能力)
争论是政府发动的,政府邀请了有想法关于BBC的——包括普通听众和观众——说什么好什么坏关于BBC,和甚至他们是否认为它值得保持。原因为inquiry是BBC的royal charter runs out在1996,它必须决定是要保持现状,还是要作变化。
公司的支持者——有很多——喜欢quoting美国slogan“如果它不被broke,不要fix它”。BBC没有被broke,他们说,他们说这个的意思是他没有broken(和broke不同,意思是没有钱了,也就是破产了),那么为什么要bother去改变它呢?
然而BBC不得不改变,因为(想到第4个问题,问得就是BBC不得不调整自己的最主要的原因是什么,而change实际上和readjust是一个意思,先把这里划下来。下面就要开始说原因了,高度注意!)广播世界周围的它在改变。商业电视频道——电视和4频道——被需要Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act(专有名词,没必要仔细看)变得更商业,互相竞争广告客户,削减成本和工作。但是它是竞争对手新卫星频道——资金部分提供通过广告部分通过观众的subscriptions——会带来最大的变化长期。(读完这段发现最后那句是最重要的原因,和第四题对应,划下来,标上题号4。第一句划线的because那句虽然也在解释BBC调整自己的原因,但是说的不是主要原因,所以不是我们要找的答案,也不用标上题号)
第三步,选答案
第一题和第四题都已经在原文中找到了相应的内容,所以先来做第一题和第四题。
第一题问BBC现在面临什么,已经找出了原文中对应的内容,大致意思是说它的未来让人怀疑,然后解释了一下:BBC将会作为一个公共出资的广播组织而存在,至少暂时是,但是它的角色,它的规模和节目现在已经成为英国全国上下争议的主题。来看选项,A选项是说新覆盖的问题,显然不对,排除掉。B选项说是不确定的前景,有可能,先保留。C选项说是公众的inquiries,似乎也有点儿印象,先保留。D选项说是听众的减少,显然文章没有提到这一点,排除掉。现在剩下B和C。我们看一下划线的那句前面的,说BBC的未来让人怀疑,和不确定的前景更像,可见,B更贴切,是答案。
第四题问BBC不得不调整自己的最主要的原因是什么。原文中对应的部分说:然而BBC不得不改变,因为广播世界周围的在改变。商业电视频道——电视和4频道——被需要Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act变得更商业,互相竞争广告客户,削减成本和工作。但是它是新卫星频道的竞争对手——资金部分提供通过广告部分通过观众的subscriptions——长期来看会带来最大的变化。可以看出,最后一句是最重要的原因。只有D选项明确指出了这一点,所以是答案。
第三题问"royal charter" (Line 4, Paragraph 3)代表什么,虽然是不需要记的问题,但是文章中一下子就可以找到,所以接下来可以先做这道题。回过头去看这个词所在的那句话——BBC' s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes。royal如果认识的话,知道说得是和皇家有关的什么东西,可是charter不认识。往后看,run out也不太认识,但应该能看出大概是一个没有了,结束了,完了的意思。再来看选项,A说皇室的财政支持,可能对。B说女王给与的特权,这个不符合文章的意思,排除掉。C说与女王签订的协议,这个也有可能。D说和皇室的独特的关系,这个也不对,排除掉。现在来比较A和C哪个和原文更贴切。注意到后面说run out in 1996,感觉有年份的,协议合同之类的到期似乎比较有可能。其实如果知道charter是宪章的意思,就能很快选择C。
最后再来做第二题,选项可能涉及到文章中的多个地方。问下面关于BBC的哪一个不是作为关键issue提到的,注意“not”。看选项,A选项说它的电视服务向远东的扩展,文章的第一句话就提到了亚洲的观众和听众可以收看收听BBC的节目,所以这一点提到了。B选项说BBC的节目成为了全国争论的主题,这一点显然文章也用比较多的篇幅提及了。C选项说成为进一步国际co-operations的潜力,似乎没有提到。D选项说它的存在作为一个广播组织,这一点也提到过了——and even whether they thought it was worth keeping,所以只有C没有作为key issue提到过,是答案。
这样第一篇文章我们就做完了。
Passage 2
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America,Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabLed the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .
1. It's true of the old family finds that__.
(A) they were spoiled by the younger generations
(B) they failed for lack of individual initiative
(C) they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies
(D) they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
2. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in__.
(A) the separation of capital from management
(B) the ownership of capital by managers
(C) the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
(D) the participation of shareholders in municipal business
3. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that__.
(A) the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
(B) the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers
(C) the limited liability Companies were too large to run smoothly
(D) the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
4. The author is most critical of___ .
(A) family film owners
(B) landowners
(C) managers
(D) shareholders
第一步,读题
第一题问旧家庭发现什么,旧家庭是具体内容,属于涉及具体信息的,应该记。
第二题问有限责任公司的增长导致什么,问题首先是关于有限责任公司的,然后问的是关于它的增长,需要我们回答的是它的增长带来的结果,也属于涉及具体信息的,应该记。在文章中看到有限责任公司增长的(不见得是出现growth这个词,有可能是意思相近的词,也有可能是通过意思表现出来的增长)特别是说增长的结果的就要划下来。
第三题问下面的说法除了哪个以外都是正确的,即要找不正确的,不用记。不过这就意味着我们必须把文章完整地读完了。
第四题问作者对什么最critical,批评的最严厉、最苛刻。虽然也有具体信息,但是可能要结合文章比较多的内容才能比较出对哪个批评的最严厉,所以可以先不记,但是要注意体会作者批评的口气和内容。
现在再把需要记的题目的内容和顺序在头脑中过一遍:旧家庭发现什么,有限责任公司的增长导致什么。现在来读文章
第二步,读文章
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an ①old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of ①family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike ①old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. ②Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. " comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .
这篇文章属于那种虽然段落不多,但是每个段落都很长的那种。我们在第二章提到过,对于这种类型的文章,要把列举的和转折的地方划下来(不过不标题号,除非有问题问到了)
在19世纪后半段,资本和劳动力enlarging和完美他们的竞争组织在现代线上。(什么意思?看不懂,只知道是资本和劳动力怎么着了,接着往下看)很多老公司(出现了个old,和第一题问的old family是不是一会事儿呢?先划下来再说)被有限责任公司取代了,有限责任公司有一个bureaucracy有薪水的经理。变化满足了技术要求新时代提出的通过engaging大的职业因素和避免了效率下降,很一般地spoiled家族公司的财富在第二代和第三代在energetic创始人之后。(family出现了,划下来,而且发现前面的old firm和这里的family firm是一回事)它是moreover一个步骤远离个人initiative,面向collectivism和municipal 和国有公司的。铁路公司,尽管仍然是私有公司为了shareholders的利益,非常不像老的家庭公司(这里也划下来)。与此同时,大的municipalities进入了公司提供照明、trams和其他的服务为纳税人。(现在想想第一题问旧的家庭发现什么,由这段可知其实问的是旧的家族式公司发现什么,但是原文中没有明确地出现find这个词,所以我们先在刚刚划的那几个家族公司的地方标上题号1,至于它发现了什么,应该是在第一段,特别是第一段的后半段出现的,我们做题的时候结合选项再回过头来看。)
有限责任公司的增长(注意:出现有限责任公司的增长了!先划下来)和municipal企业有重要的结果(注意结果这个词出现了,所以后面就是具体地说结果了,要认真读。先把consequences划下来)。这样的大型的、非个人manipulation的资本和行业很大的增加了数量和重要性shareholders作为一个阶级、一个要素在国家生活中代表着irresponsible财富detached from土地和土地所有者的责任;而且几乎相同的detached from负责的商务管理(这里出现列举了,也要划下来)。所有在19世纪,美洲、非洲、印第安、大洋洲和欧洲的一些部分被英国资本发展了,英国shareholders因此富裕了被世界工业化运动。像Bournemouth and Eastboume这样的城镇sprang up成了house large。舒适阶级退休靠收入,没有关系和社区的其他人除了drawing dividends和偶尔参加shareholders会议去dictate他们的命令对于管理。另一方面,shareholding意味着闲暇和自由被使用许多后来的Victorians为了最高目的高度文明。(这一段是讲有限责任公司的增长带来的结果,前一部分是概括地说,后几句是举例具体说明,我们先把概括地说的那句划下来,并在前面标上题号2)
shareholders as such没有知识关于生活、思想或者是需要被公司雇佣的工人,他持有这个公司的股票,他的影响对资本和劳动力关系不好。被付工资的经理acting for公司有更直接的关系与任何他们的需求,但是甚至他很少熟悉的人员知识关于工人;老板经常在更patriarchal系统下旧的家族公司现在passing away(完全看不懂,就知道说经理怎么了,老板怎么了。但这里出现转折,要划下来!不过不用标题号)。确实the mere规模关于运转和参与的工人的最小数量rendered这样的个人关系是不可能的。幸运的是,但是,增长的权利和工会组织,至少在所有skilled trades,使得工人能遇到on equal terms经理,雇用他们的公司(把转折划下来!不过不用标题号)。残酷的纪律关于罢工和lockout教会两个方面去互相尊重对方的力量和理解公平协商的价值。(这段意思没大看懂,就知道好像说的是shareholders、经理和公司的老板都不知道什么关于工人个人的东西,然后说似乎不应该这样,双方应该互相尊重、理解)
第三步,选答案
前两道题都已经分别在原文中找到了对应的内容,所以先做这两道题。
第一题问旧的家族企业发现什么,虽然在第一段中只找到了家族企业,没有明确地找到家族企业发现了什么的字眼,但是能判断出,对应的部分应该在第一段,特别是第一段的后半段。来看选项,A选项说他们被spoiled了被年轻的几代,文中似乎也提到了年轻几代的问题,不能确定,先不考虑。B选项说他们失败了因为缺乏个人initiative,这个是不对的,因为文章说说恰恰是家族企业是个人initiative的,有限责任公司与它相反,所以B可以排除掉。C说他们缺乏效率与现代企业相比,比较像,先保留。D选项说他们能够提供足够的服务为纳税人,划的那句里面没有出现这个意思,而且如果往后看的话,能够提供足够的服务为纳税人的是great municipalities,而不是家族企业。所以现在只剩下A和C,发现问题的关键就是判断出家族企业的衰落是因为年轻几代还是缺乏效率,我们回过头去把这句话好好看看,The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.意思是说变化适应了新世纪的技术要求,通过engaging大的个人因素和避免了效率的下降,正是效率下降so commonly spoiled家族企业的财富。只不过现在被spoiled的是第二代和第三代家族企业了而已。可以明显的看出家族企业被spoiled的原因是缺乏效率(和现代公司相比),而不是被年轻几代spoiled的,所以C是答案。
第二题问有限责任公司的增长导致什么,已经在原文中找出来对应的地方了。回过头去看看,大致意思是说这样的大型的、非个人manipulation的资本和行业很大的增加shareholders的数量和重要性作为一个阶级、一个要素在国家生活中代表着irresponsible财富detached from土地和土地所有者的责任;而且几乎相同的detached from负责的商务管理。来看选项。A选项说资本与管理的分离,这个有点儿像,因为文中确实说了财富detached from负责的商务管理,虽然我们可能不认识detach,但是from表明的是一个离开,分隔的概念,所以有可能是答案,先不考虑。B选项说的是管理者对资本的所有权,这个应该能够立刻排除掉,因为文中说了,在有限责任公司中,管理者是被paied,而没有对资本的所有权。C选项说资本和劳动力作为两个阶级的出现,这个也应该被排除。D选项说是shareholders的参与在municipal business里,这个显然也是错的,因为这段第一句话就说了,The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.有限责任公司和municipal business增长带来了重要的结果,也就是说下文说的那些结果是这两个的增长带来的,选项D说的是其中之一的增长对另外一个的,文章并没有提到这一点。所以,A是答案。
第三题问下面的说法除了哪个以外都是正确的,A选项说的是shareholders没有意识到工人的需要,似乎提到过了,先保留。B选项说旧的公司所有人对公司理解更好,这个不能确定,也先保留。C选项说有限公司太大了运转不顺利,这个显然是不对的,因为文章对有限责任公司基本上是持的肯定的态度,而且上来就说家族企业要被有限责任公司等取代了,而且有限责任公司比家族企业的效率更高,可见C是错误的,而问题就是要我们找出错的那个来,所以C是答案。
第四题问作者对什么最critical,批评的最严厉、最苛刻。A是家族企业的持有者,B是土地所有者,C是经理,D是shareholders。我们分别来看一看。作者对家族企业的持有者没有批评,只是指出了家族企业要被有限责任公司等取代的事实和原因,所以排除掉。作者对土地所有者只是提到了一句,根本没有批评。看C和D,到底是对经理还是对shareholders更critical呢?我们来看看最后一段话,因为正是最后一段话既有经理又shareholders,而且有批评的意思。shareholders as such不了解关于被他持有股票的公司雇佣的工人的生活、思想或者是需要,他对资本和劳动力关系的影响不好。(全都是不好的话,批评的话)被付工资的经理acting for公司,有更直接的关系与任何他们的需求,但是甚至他也很少熟悉关于工人的personal knowledge,所以可以看出对shareholders更critical,所以D是答案。
这样我们第二篇文章也完整地做完了。
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