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主题 : 张翔:掌握英语口语--《特级口语教程》
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0  发表于: 2004-02-13   

张翔:掌握英语口语--《特级口语教程》

1: Effective Introduction

 INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONS

  A good introduction performs three functions. First, it captures the audience’s attention and arouses curiosity. Second, it previews the major ideas of your speech. Third, it tells your audience why they should listen to you.

  1. Attentioncatching Opening Line

  A key purpose of the introduction is to acquire favorable attention of the audience. Because listeners form their first impressions of the speech quickly, if the introduction does not capture their attention, the rest of the speech may be wasted on them.

  Example:

  Imagine for a moment that it is year 2050. You are 65 years old. You’ve just picked up your mail and opened an envelope that contains a check for 100,000! No, you didn’t win the lottery. You smile as you realize your own modest investment strategy over the last forty years has paid off handsomely.

  2. Preview Major Ideas

  Within a couple of seconds after you begin your speech, the audience should have a pretty good idea of what you are going to talk about. Do not get so carried away with jokes or illustrations that you forget the basic purpose.

  Example:

  Today I’d like to answer three questions that can help you become a better money manager: First,swheresdoes money come from? Second,swheresdo you invest it? And third, how does a little money growsintosa lot of money?

  3. Tell Your Audience Why They Should Listen to You

  Even after you have captured the attention of your audience and told the topic, you have to give the audience some reason to want to listen to the rest of your speech.

  Example:

  Knowing the answers to these three questions can literally pay big dividends for you. With only modest investments and a well-disciplined attitude, you could easily have 100,000.

 

 INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES

  The introduction to your speech will span only a few sentences or, for a longer speech, a few paragraphs. How can you effectively capture attention, present your topic, establish credibility, and preview your major points in just a few minutes? Try one of these six tried-and-true techniques: (1) using a startling statement, (2) asking a question, (3) using humor, (4) using suspense, (5) telling a story, (6) establishing credibility. Not every one of these techniques is appropriate for every speech or occasion. However, among these six techniques, you’re sure to find at least one that will work well for your next speech.

  1. Using a Starling Statement

  If you want your audience to snap to attention immediately, start your introduction with a startling statement. You might describe an extremely unusual situation, reveal a shocking statistic, or vividly portray an alarming problem. Not only will listeners sit up and take notice, they’ll also listen carefully to find out more about what you just said and why you said it.

  When student Heather Larson of Northern State University in South Dakota wrote her speech“Stemming the Tide,”she used a series of startling statements to draw her audience instantlysintosher message.

  Example:

  Every eleven minutes one American dies from this killer. That is twice as many as will be murdered in crimes of homicide. It took eight years of Vietnam to exceed the 46,000 that will die this year. Three times as many Americans have died of this disease in the last decade than the 133,000 who died of AIDS. This disease will cost you and me and other Americans over 6 billion in medical costs and lost productivity this year alone, not to mention the human losses we will suffer. This tide awash on our shores may well directly touch each and every one of us in this room. I speak of breast cancer.

  2. Asking a Question

  You can get listeners involved in your introduction by asking a question that leadssintosyour central idea.

  Example:

  See this dollar bill? What can it do for you? You can invest it, save it to buy something more expensive, or you can just spend it. Although there isnt much to buy for a dollar these days. Kids, on the other hand, would take this dollar and be able to spend it on something that they would be satisfied with, even if what they were spending it on could kill them. This dollar can buy kids a high that’s cheap, available, and lethal to purchase.

  Clearly, Wadeson did’t want her listeners to actually respond. What she wanted was to get them thinking about her topic, the dangers of inhaling solvents and aerosols.

  3. Using Humor

  Humor, handled well, can be a wonderful attention getter. It can help relax your audience and win their good will for the rest of the speech.

  The following speaker used humor to express appreciation for being invited to speak to asgroupsby beginning his speech with his story.

  Example:

  Three corporate executive were trying to define the word“fame”.

  One said,“Fame is getting invited to the White House to see the President.”

  The second said,“Fame is being invited to the White House and while you are visting, the phone rings and he doesn’t answer it.”

  The third executive said,“Your both wrong. Fame is being invited to the White House to visit with the President when his Hot Line ring. He answers it, listens a minute, and then says,‘Here, it’s for you!’”

  Being asked to speak today is like being in the White House and the call’s for me.

  4. Using Suspense

  Consider how Rebecca Witte, a student at the University of Missouri in St. Louis, introduced a speech to a college audience.

  Example:

  I am a seven letter word. I destroy friends, families, neighborhoods and schools. I am the biggest killer among teenagers today. I am not alcohol. I am not cocaine. I am suicide.

  Witte’s introduction aroused curiosity and encouraged listeners to stay tuned for the answer. Then, to keep listeners involved, Witte cited a few surprising statistics and went on to pose two thought-provoking questions:

  Example:

  Why is it then that the high schools aren’t doing anything? Why is it that high schools do not have mandatory suicide prevention programs as a part of their everyday curriculum? Those are very good questions and that is why I am here today.

  Initially, Witte’s introduction intrigued her listeners and therefore captured their attention for a minute or two. But Witte had to do more to keep her audience interested after the first few sentences. By quoting statistics and asking questions, she gave her audience solid reasons for staying interested.

  5. Telling a Story

  Everybody likes a good story, so long as it relates to the topic at hand. Stories can be effective in leading off any kind of speech.

  A college student used this story to introduce his speech,“Health Care Combat Zones”.

  Example:

  California emergency room nurse Tim Dufelmeier became a hero - not because of his successful efforts to save a patient, but because of his valiant rescue of an emergency room physician. A disgruntled patient had lunged at three ER physicians without warning, wounding two slightly and shooting one point-blank in the head and chest. Dufelmeier charged past the gunman, grabbed the doctor and rushed him to emergency life-saving surgery.

  6. Establishing Credibility

  The reason why the audience listens to you is closely related to how credible you are. You need your listener to know that you are qualified to stand there and tackle the topic.

  When John F. Ferguson, a minister, spoke during a VeteransDay assembly at a high school in Kirkland, Washington, he stated his credentials during his introduction.

  Example:

  We have come together to honor the military service of American men and women, particularly those who participated in the war in Vietnam. I’m one of those people. I served in the United States Marine Corps in Vietnam in 1967. I was a member of the 15th Marine Counterintelligence Team, operating just below the Demilitarized Zone. Our team was a part of small unit combat and intelligence operations, now known as the Phoenix Program.

  Ferguson let his audience know that he was personally involved in the war. He didn’t brag or boast; he simply explained what his wartime role was. His experience was directly relevant to the topic of war veterans and to the purpose of the school’s assembly to honor veterans, so he seemed more credible to the audience.
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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26  发表于: 2007-06-23   
This is one of the best oral English material that i have ever seen.Thank you very much.
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25  发表于: 2005-10-27   
谢谢
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24  发表于: 2005-10-06   
谢谢,楼主
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23  发表于: 2004-04-05   

谢谢,楼主
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22  发表于: 2004-04-03   

  

纪念演讲

  下面的纪念演讲是1994年5月10日对南非人民发表的。纳尔逊·曼德拉庆祝所有南非人民来之不易的自由和平等。在这种吉庆的场合,尊贵华丽的辞藻和高雅的语言非常适合。事实上,对于如何根据情形决定演讲者该说什么以及他该如何说,这篇演讲是一个很好的例子。曼德拉总统除了用反复和头韵以外,还加了一些精心挑选和鼓舞人心的话,用来通篇加强营造冲击力。通过反复提到“我们”,他试图将南非人民团结起来,疗治国家分裂带来的创伤。这篇演讲一直自豪到结尾,以一句很高的口号结束。今天的读者都几乎能看到当自由开始统治时,太阳照耀在南非上的场景。

  举例:纪念演讲

  

光辉与希望:让所有人得享工作、水、面包和盐

 

 曼德拉南非总统

  陛下,殿下,尊贵的嘉宾,同胞们,朋友们:

  今天,我们会聚于此,与我国和世界其他地方前来庆贺的人士一起,对新生的自由赋予光辉和希望。

  这一异常的人类悲剧太过漫长了,这些经验孕育出一个令全人类引以自豪的社会。

  作为南非的一介平民,我们日常的一举一动,都要为南非创造现实条件,去巩固人类对正义的信念,增强人类对心灵深处高尚品德的信心,以及让所有人保持对美好生活的期望。

  所有这些,不仅归功于我们自己,而且要归功于今天在场的人所代表的世界人民。

  对我的同胞,我可以毫不犹疑地说,我们每一个人都跟这美丽祖国的大地亲密地牢不可分,就如红木树之于比勒陀利亚,含羞草之于灌木林。

  我们每一个人每次触摸这块土地的土壤时,都有一种人性更新的感觉。

  在草绿花开之时,我们也会为一种喜悦和兴奋的感觉所感动。

  我们对这共同的家乡在精神上和肉体上有共同的感觉,当目睹国家因可怕的冲突而变得四分五裂,遭全球人民唾弃、孤立,特别是当它成为恶毒的意识形态的普遍根基和种族主义、种族压迫的演练之地时,我们的内心如此地痛苦。

  我们南非人民,对全人类将我们再度纳入怀抱,感到非常高兴。不久之前,我们还遭全世界摒弃,而现在却能在自己的土地上,招待各国的嘉宾。

  我们要感谢所有这些杰出的国际客人能够来与我国的人民一起分享胜利,虽然这是为了公正、为了和平和为了人类尊严的共同胜利。

  我们相信,当我们在建设和平、繁荣、民主、非性别主义和非种族主义遇到挑战时,你们将会继续支持我们的。

  我们非常感谢我国广大人民,以及各方民主政治、宗教、妇女、青年、商业及其他方面领袖所作的贡献,使我们取得了上述的成就。特别功不可没的,是我的第二副总统--德克勒克先生。

  我们也要对我们一排排列队的安全部队表示敬意,因为他们在反对那些仍然拒绝看到光明的残忍军队的破坏,保卫我们的第一次民主选举和向民主化过度中作出了卓越的贡献。

  治愈创伤的时候已经来临。

  消除分隔我们的鸿沟的时刻已经来临。

  创建的时机就在眼前。

  我们终于取得了政治解放。我们承诺,会将依然陷于贫穷、剥削、苦难、受着性别及其他歧视的国人解放出来。

  我们已成功地在相对和平的情况下迈向自由的最后几步。我们承诺要构造一个完整、公正和永恒的和平。

  我们已成功地让我们千千万万的国人的心中燃起希望。我们立下誓约,要建立一个让所有南非人,不论是黑人还是白人,都可以昂首阔步的社会。他们心中不再有恐惧,他们可以肯定自己拥有不可剥夺的人类尊严--这是一个在国内及与其他各国之间都保持和平的美好国度。

  作为我国致力更新的证明,新的全国统一过渡政府的当务之急是处理目前在狱中服刑囚犯的特赦问题。

  我们将今天献给为我们的自由而献出生命和做出牺牲的我国以至世界其他地方的英雄。

  他们的理想现已成真,自由就是他们的报酬。

  作为一个统一、民主、非种族主义和非性别主义的南非首任总统,要负责带领国家脱离黑暗的深谷。我们怀着既谦恭又欣喜的心情接受你们给予我们的这份荣誉与权利。

  我们深信,自由之路从来都不易走。

  我们很清楚,没有任何一个人可以单独取得成功。

  因此,为了全国和解,建设国家,为了一个新世界的诞生,我们必须团结成为一个民族,共同行动。

  让所有人得享正义。

  让所有人得享和平。

  让所有人得享工作、面包、清水、白盐。

  让每个人都明白,每个人的身体、思想和灵魂都获得了解放,从属于自己。

  这片美丽的土地永远、永远、永远再不会经历人对人的压迫,以及遭全球唾弃的屈辱。

  对于如此光辉的成就,太阳永不会停止照耀。

  让自由战胜一切。愿上帝保佑南非!

  下面的纪念演讲是1963年8月28日马丁·路德·金牧师在华盛顿发表的。

  金牧师这篇关于继续为人权而战的强有力的演讲是20世纪最著名的演讲之一。金是对20万支持者进行的演讲,他们为了证明自己支持被国会搁置的人权法案而聚集在林肯纪念堂前。金用具体的、引人注目的语言描绘了种族歧视在人类历史的影响,没把它当成模糊、抽象的问题。金用生动的比喻、暗喻和韵律感人地说出了希望全人类自由的梦想。短语“我有一个梦想”在整个后半段回荡,而用短语“让自由之声响彻”在结尾部分重复来加以呼应。这些相互呼应的短语加强了由金的语言所塑造出的精神雕像,激励听者采取行动。金戏剧性的演讲非常感人,当他结束时,听者都站起来,用雷鸣般的掌声表示喝彩。

  举例:纪念演讲

 

 我有一个梦想

  

马丁·路德·金

  今天,我高兴地同大家一起,参加这次将成为我国历史上为了争取自由而举行的最伟大的示威集会。

  100年前,一位伟大的美国人--今天我们就站在他象征性的身影下--签署了《解放宣言》。这项重要法令的颁布,对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴,犹如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔,恰似结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅黎明。

  然而,100年后,黑人依然没有获得自由。100年后,黑人依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。100年后,黑人依然生活在物质繁荣这一浩瀚大海之中的贫困孤岛上。100年后,黑人依然在美国社会中间向隅而泣,依然感到自己在国土家园中流离漂泊。所以,我们今天来到这里,要把这骇人听闻的情况公诸于众。

  从某种意义上说,我们来到国家的首都是为了兑现一张支票。我们共和国的缔造者在拟写宪法和独立宣言的辉煌篇章时,就签署了一张每一个美国人都能继承的期票。这张期票向所有人承诺--不论白人还是黑人--都享有不可让渡的生存权、自由权和追求幸福权。

  然而,今天美国显然对她的有色公民拖欠着这张期票。美国没有承兑这笔神圣的债务,而是开始给黑人一张空头支票--一张盖着“资金不足”的印戳被退回的支票。

  但是,我们决不相信正义的银行会破产。我们决不相信这个国家巨大的机会宝库会资金不足。因此,我们来兑现这张支票--这张支票将给我们以宝贵的自由和正义的保障。

  我们来到这块圣地还为了提醒美国:现在正是万分紧急的时刻。现在不是从容不迫悠然行事或服用渐进主义镇静剂的时候。现在是实现民主诺言的时候。现在是走出幽暗荒凉的种族隔离深谷,踏上种族平等的阳关大道的时候。现在是使我们国家走出种族不平等的流沙,踏上充满手足之情的磐石的时候。现在是使上帝所有孩子真正享有公正的时候。

  忽视这一时刻的紧迫性,对于国家将会是致命的。自由平等的朗朗秋日不到来,黑人顺情合理哀怨的酷暑就不会过去。1963年不是一个结束,而是一个开端。如果国家依然我行我素,那些希望黑人只需出出气就会心满意足的人将大失所望。在黑人得到公民权之前,美国既不会安宁,也不会平静。反抗的旋风将继续震撼我们国家的基石,直至光辉灿烂的正义之日来临。

  但是,对于站在通向正义之宫艰险门槛上的人们,有一些话我必须要说。在我们争取合法地位的过程中,切不要错误行事导致犯罪。我们切不要吞饮仇恨辛酸的苦酒,来解除对于自由的饥渴。

  我们应该永远得体地、纪律严明地进行斗争。我们不能容许我们富有创造性的抗议沦为暴力行动。我们应该不断升华到用灵魂力量对付肉体力量的崇高境界。

  席卷黑人社会的新的奇迹般的战斗精神,不应导致我们对所有白人的不信任--因为许多白人兄弟已经认识到:他们的命运同我们的命运紧密相连,他们的自由同我们的自由休戚相关。他们今天来到这里参加集会就是明证。

  我们不能单独行动。当我们行动时,我们必须保证勇往直前。我们不能后退。有人问热心民权运动的人:“你们什么时候会感到满意?”只要黑人依然是不堪形容的警察暴行恐怖的牺牲品,我们就决不会满意。只要我们在旅途劳顿后,却被公路旁汽车游客旅社和城市旅馆拒之门外,我们就决不会满意。只要黑人的基本活动范围只限于从狭小的黑人居住区到较大的黑人居住区,我们就决不会满意。只要我们的孩子被“仅供白人”的牌子剥夺个性,损毁尊严,我们就决不会满意。只要密西西比州的黑人不能参加选举,纽约州的黑人认为他们与选举毫不相干,我们就决不会满意。不,不,我们不会满意,直至公正似水奔流,正义如泉喷涌。

  我并非没有注意到你们有些人历尽艰难困苦来到这里。你们有些人刚刚走出狭小的牢房。有些人来自因追求自由而遭受迫害风暴袭击和警察暴虐狂飙摧残的地区。你们饱经风霜,历尽苦难。继续努力吧,要相信:无辜受苦终得拯救。

  回到密西西比去吧;回到亚拉巴马去吧;回到南卡罗来纳去吧;回到佐治亚去吧;回到路易斯安那去吧;回到我们北方城市中的贫民窟和黑人居住区去吧。要知道,这种情况能够而且将会改变。我们切不要在绝望的深渊里沉沦。

  朋友们,今天我要对你们说,尽管眼下困难重重,但我依然怀有一个梦。这个梦深深植根于美国梦之中。

  我梦想有一天,这个国家将会奋起,实现其立国信条的真谛:“我们认为这些真理不言而喻:人人生而平等。”

  我梦想有一天,在佐治亚州的红色山岗上,昔日奴隶的儿子能够同昔日奴隶主的儿子同席而坐,亲如手足。

  我梦想有一天,甚至连密西西比州--一个非正义和压迫的热浪逼人的荒漠之州,也会改造成为自由和公正的青青绿州。

  我梦想有一天,我的四个小孩将生活在一个不是以皮肤的颜色,而是以品格的优劣作为评判标准的国家里。我今天有一个梦想。

  我梦想有一天,亚拉巴马州会有所改变--尽管该州州长现在仍滔滔不绝地说什么要对联邦法令提出异议和拒绝执行--在那里,黑人儿童能够和白人儿童兄弟姐妹般地携手并行。我今天有一个梦想。

  我梦想有一天,深谷弥合,高山夷平,歧路化坦途,曲径成通衢,上帝的光华再现,普天下生灵共谒。

  这是我们的希望。这是我将带回南方去的信念。有了这个信念,我们就能从绝望之山开采出希望之石。有了这个信念,我们就能把这个国家的嘈杂刺耳的争吵声,变为充满手足之情的悦耳交响曲。有了这个信念,我们就能一同工作,一同祈祷,一同斗争,一同入狱,一同维护自由,因为我们知道,我们终有一天会获得自由。

  到了这一天,上帝的所有孩子都能以新的含义高唱这首歌:“我的祖国,可爱的自由之邦,我为您歌唱。这是我祖先终老的地方,这是早期移民自豪的地方,让自由之声,响彻每一座山岗。”如果美国要成为伟大的国家,这一点必须实现。

  因此,让自由之声响彻新罕布什尔州的巍峨高峰!

  让自由之声响彻纽约州的崇山峻岭!

  让自由之声响彻宾夕法尼亚州的阿勒格尼高峰!

  让自由之声响彻科罗拉多州冰雪皑皑的洛基山!

  让自由之声响彻加利福尼亚州的婀娜群峰!

  不,不仅如此;让自由之声响彻佐治亚州的石山!

  让自由之声响彻田纳西州的望山!

  让自由之声响彻密西西比州的一座座山峰,一个个土丘!让自由之声响彻每一个山岗!

  当我们让自由之声轰响,当我们让自由之声响彻每一个大村小庄,每一个州府城镇,我们就能加速这一天的到来。那时,上帝的所有孩子,黑人和白人,犹太教徒和非犹太教徒,耶稣教徒和天主教徒,将能携手同唱那首古老的黑人灵歌:“终于自由了!终于自由了!感谢全能的上帝,我们终于自由了!”

  

毕业演讲

  每次毕业必将有一次演讲,有时还有好几次。这条约定俗成的法则意味着,毕业典礼上的演讲将在其他特殊场合演讲中占有一席之地。有时,演讲者是教职员工或是校管理者中的杰出一员。但政客、作家、娱乐人士和电视名人作为演讲者的越来越多。但无论是谁,演讲者都必须履行两个重要职能。第一,毕业演讲者要赞扬毕业班;第二,毕业演讲者要将毕业生引向未来。

  举例:毕业演讲

  

对卡罗林纳大学1996年毕业生的演讲

 

 珍尼特·瑞纳

  你们是国家的未来。我知道,你们精力充沛,言而有信,能够选择支持这个世界上的真和善。如果你们选择公共服务,你们选择的将是我们这个社会所能提供的最值得作出贡献和应当去做的职业之一。但是无论是经商、教学、起诉罪犯或是照顾家庭,你们都能取得不同的成功。

  下面的毕业演讲是1993年10月28日在西佛罗里达大学发表的。这篇演讲比较轻松易读(和易听),最重要的是,很短。对于那些饱受冗长毕业演讲之苦的人来说,简洁是最让人欣喜的了。这些演讲满是对毕业生们光明前途芜杂散漫的陈词滥调。相反,玛莎·桑得斯采用“三字语”的简单的方式给坐在她面前的毕业生们提出一些很朴素的建议。她用例子和故事来举例说明每一个“三字语”,使得它们很容易记忆。

  举例:毕业演讲

  

学会开启心智

  

玛莎·桑得斯在西佛罗里达大学的发言

  在传播科学学院,我们花费大量时间来思考和谈论词语--词语的意思、词语的说服力和词语的伦理暗示,总的来说,就是词语在人们之间以信息方式传递时的冲击力。因此,几个月前我特别被一篇讨论词语如何影响人的杂志文章所吸引。

  这篇文章认为,人们之间互相传递的最重要的信息通常表示为非常简单的短语。我希望这不要吓着你们,因为你们在过去的这些年中已经使得自己的思想充满了复杂的想法。这篇文章还认为,在我们的语言中最有影响力的信息大多数表现为“三字语”。

  我得承认,像“我爱你”,“没小费”或“最后吧”这样的“三字语”对我确实能激起极大的反应。因此,今天当我希望让你们铭记住这些高深的想法时,我决定与大家一起分享我生活这么多年来所发现的三个很有用的“三字语”。

  我所发现的生活中有用的第一个“三字语”是:我就来。你们想过这三个字能产生多大的慰藉吗?

  我就来。如果你曾经不得不在一个周末打电话给水管工人,你就会知道这些字感觉起来真的有多好。或是你在车抛锚时被困在了马路上时,你用最后的25美分打电话给一位朋友,你也能知道这些字有多么重要。想想这些字:“奶奶,我8月份就要毕业了。”我就来。

  “室友,我被困在办公室了,不能去机场接我姐姐。”我就来。

  “妈妈,婴儿哭一夜了,如果再没法睡觉的话,我会死的!”我就来。

  最近,我在与一位偶尔有个职位要聘用西佛罗伦萨毕业生的当地商人聊天时,她告诉我,作为一个应聘者,他要做的最重要的是不要去证明自己对企业的财富真诚关注。一个能够帮助向企业目标迈近的人,无论他是否是个“守望者”,都将是个有价值的人。换句话说,是一个关键时刻盼得到的人。

  那些知道如何说“在那儿”的人们的故事中,我喜欢之一的是关于伊莉莎白,英国女王的。1940年空袭之后有人问她小公主们(伊莉莎白和玛格里特·罗斯)是否会离开英国时,女王答道:“孩子们不会离开英国,除非我离开;我不会离开,除非她们的父亲离开;而国王无论在任何情况下都不会离开这个国家。”我就来。

  我想告诉大家的第二个“三字语”可能是非常非常难学会说的--我知道对我来说过去如此,现在有时仍如此。那就是:也许吧。想一下,如果人们都学会说“也许吧”,那么,办理离婚的律师们可要失业了,幸运的话,枪械商店也没了生意。我知道,使用它能在争论中给对手造成一种缴械的影响。事实上,我的一位律师朋友经常在他的最后陈述中使用它,他是一位非常成功的律师。也许吧。

  依我的经验,如果我们在行事时总是固执己见,不肯有一点儿妥协,那真的是对自己进行损害。让自己的生活容易一点,记住那句老话:“有一百种给猫剥皮的方法,也许每一种都对吧。”也许吧。

  我想介绍给大家的第三个“三字语”在我很小时就已经听了上千次。无论何时,当我面对重要决定时,我都会去问我的保姆该如何做。她的答复总是相同的“三字语”:“自个(儿)定”,而后就继续做她的事了。“这是什么意思?我需要建议,我要你告诉我该怎么做。”

  她只是笑,说:“自个(儿)定,真的,自个(儿)定。”

  但是,那时我是个傲慢的孩子,我把手放在屁股上,说:“可能吧,但我啥也不知道呀!”

  对此她的回答是:“开动脑筋。”要知道,生活不会以一种学位计划书的形式出现,没有伟大的智者来给你一份单子,告诉你:“做这些事,你将会赢得生活中的学位。”

  某种程度上,这一页现在是空白的,你可能对于要去的地方有个粗略的框架,但要相信我,如果不做一些困难的决定,你们不可能到达的,做决定向来不易。

  你可能发现了人们会建议你们应当如何做,但我一向认为,没有人愿意会为你的错误承担责任,你必须自己决定。

  今天我对你们的建议就是学会开启自己的心智。心理学家称之为按我们的潜意识办事。精神领袖们称之为“求助更高的力量”。无论称之为什么,你们每个人能给自己的生活找到正确的答案,这是一种能力。心智确实存在,它是个强有力的天赐礼物,它是世界上所有的教育和学位都无法给予你们的。你们将永远与之相伴,现在要做的是学会开启心智。

  乔治·摩尔在《树枝弯曲》中写道:“人生中一大难题是抉择。”

  好好做出抉择吧,毕业生们!
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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21  发表于: 2004-04-03   
第十章: 特殊演讲
  

颁奖演讲

  颁奖演讲应当比对演讲者的介绍要长,这要由情况而定。其重点应该放在得奖者以前的行为上,而不是他在得奖时要说的话。下面是一个典型的例子。

  举例:颁奖演讲

  

科罗拉多美化市容奖

  

市长Mary Herron

  作为加利福尼亚科罗拉多市的市长,我经常被邀请给别人颁奖,但这一个特殊的奖对我们社区来讲有着巨大的意义。我们之所以设立这个奖项是为了表彰我们的市民所作出的杰出贡献,他们让我们的社区在短短的时间里有了新的气象,让人难忘的优美,我们看到了世界上最美丽的花园!

  大家都知道,总统和一些显要人物经常光临科罗拉多,还有不少的知名人士、官员、军方人物、美国奖杯的获奖运动员,以及来自全世界的其他有魅力的人们。当他们走到小城的街道上,注视着高楼大厦,维多利亚风格建筑和舒适的小别墅时,一般最常说的一句话是:“噢,快看那座漂亮的花园!”世界已经来到我们门前并尽情欣赏门内的景色,我们感到现在是时候表彰奖励那些为我们社区付出时间、精力、代价和艰辛劳动的人们了,是他们的努力让我们生活的社区变成了一个开满了鲜花的天堂。

  我们的评委很乐意告诉你们,让他们做出最后的选择是很困难的,但在经过多次研究和考虑后,他们决定提名555“B”街道的Brian和Andrea Applegate夫妇作为第一届科罗拉多美化奖的获得者。如果你曾经路过Applegate的家,你就会知道他们不仅仅在自家别墅的花园中栽种了玫瑰、葡萄、盛开的李子以及奇异的一年生植物。对于那些羞于通过他们的弓形篱笆向内“偷窥”的路人来说,Applegate还将他们的花园拓展到了墙外。在拐角的空地上他们种了一大片彩色的玫瑰、灌木、一年生植物以及多年生植物,在那里路过的每一个人都可以尽情欣赏。

  Applegate先生和夫人,请你们上台……我很荣幸地为你们无私的辛劳和贡献颁发这个奖章。你们真正地美化了我们的社区,获得第一届科罗拉多美化市容奖你们当之无愧!

  (市长颁了奖章,走到一边,加入到为这对光荣的夫妻而鼓掌的行列中。)

  

得奖演讲

  一个成功的得奖演讲的关键是简洁,特别是在你之后不定期有其他人要接受奖项或荣誉时。舞蹈家Mikhail Baryshnikov曾经因为扮演Marlene Dietrich获过一个奖,当被问到她得奖后想说些什么时,她说:“拿着奖品,看看它,感谢大家,然后离开,就这样,没有人有时间听你说话。”这是一种极端但却不错的建议。你想让听众知道你真诚地感谢这个奖项,同时也不愿浪费他们的时间。

  记住要感谢那些帮你得奖的其他人,感谢的名单要短并且有意义。可以感谢直接的帮助(比如共同完成事业的工作伙伴),也可以感谢间接的帮助(比如你的家庭并没有抱怨你把时间都用在事业上而忽略了他们)。

  不要太过于有感情,你一般应当避免使用“我生命中最伟大的一天”或“发生在我身上最好的一件事”等语句,这些听起来不真诚。真诚地表明这个奖对你意味着什么,限制最高级的使用,在热情中加入谦逊。

  Elie Wiesely将他的大部分时间花在追踪纳粹战争罪犯上,当他得到诺贝尔和平奖时,他是这样开始他的得奖演讲的。

  例子:得奖演讲

 

 诺贝尔和平奖

 

 Elie Wiesely

带着深深的谦卑我接受了你们赐予我的这个奖项,我知道你们的选择要远远多于我,这使我既害怕又高兴。我之所以害怕是因为我想知道:我有权利代表那些已经死去的人们吗?我有权利代表他们接受这个伟大的奖吗?我想我没有这个权利,这太冒昧了,没有人能够为死去的人发言,没有人能够破译他们支离破碎的梦境和想像。

  而我之所以高兴是因为我要说这个奖是属于所有的幸存者和他们的后代的,并且通过我们给予那些犹太人,我总是想明确他们的命运。

  以上Wiesely对他演讲的介绍非常有影响力,他几乎可以就到此为止了。

  而获得美化市容奖的那对夫妻发表的得奖演讲则是和蔼可亲的一个范例:注意一下他们是如何感谢那些帮助过他们的人,并与大家一起分享他们作为园丁的喜悦,而不是将焦点放在他们自己的才能和成绩上。

  举例:得奖演讲

 

 科罗拉多美化市容奖

 

 Brian Applegate先生和Andrea Applegate夫人

  Brian Applegate先生:

  感谢你们--Herron市长,我们的朋友以及评委会的委员们,想到在这块土地上那许许多多的美丽的家庭和花园,我和我的妻子为这个奖深深地感动了。我们一直把在花园里栽种新植物作为我们的快乐,花园的规模不断扩大,直到最后我们发现它已经拓展到屋外太多了。如果我们的快乐也带给别人以欢乐,那么越多越好。Andrea,你想再补充几句吗?

  Andrea Applegate夫人:

  我只是想感谢我们许多的朋友,他们从自己的花园中移栽给我们许多植物;我们的孩子与我们一起拔草,在每年春天施肥;我的母亲教给我如何修剪玫瑰,还要感谢评委会颁给我们这个奖。我们只是做了我们喜欢做的事,很高兴你们能够欣赏,感谢所有的人。

  举例:得奖演讲

  

诺贝尔文学奖

 

 威廉·福克纳

  我感觉到这个奖不是授给我个人的,而是对我工作的奖励--因为我一生都在凭着一种人的精神在痛苦和汗水中工作着,我工作不为名,更不为利,而是为了从人类精神中创造出一些以前所不存在的东西。所以,这份奖只是委托于我而已。就诺贝尔奖本身的目的和意义来讲,我们不难发现人们也是为了与这目的和意义等值的金钱而献身。但是,我也同样公开申明自己的观点。我要把此刻当作我一生的一个顶峰,我站在这里,可以让那些已献身于同样的痛苦与劳作的青年男女们听我讲述自己的观点,这些年轻人中某个人有一天也会来到我现在站的地方领奖。

  我们今天的悲剧在于我们长期以来一直能忍受着普遍而带有全球性的物质恐惧,再也没有精神问题的存在。现在只有一个问题,那就是:我什么时候会被彻底毁了,变得一钱不值?正因为如此,今天从事写作的青年男女们都已忘记了人类内心自相冲突的种种问题;仅仅这些问题就可以用来写出好作品,因为这些内容才值得写,才值得作家为之忍受痛苦、流血流汗。

  作者必须重新了解这些问题,必须使自己懂得,最黑暗的东西是最可怕的。同时他必须告诫自己要永远忘记这东西,决不在自己的书房里给这东西留一点点空隙,而只写人们内心中亘古至今的真情实感--爱情、荣誉、同情、自豪、怜悯之心和牺牲精神--缺少了这些永恒的真情实感,任何作品必然是昙花一现,难以永存的。在达到这种水平以前,他所从事的写作会受到人们诅咒,因为他写出来的东西充满的不是爱情,而是情欲;充满的是谁也不损失任何有价值的东西的各种挫败,是没有希望,更缺少同情与怜悯之心的胜利。他描绘的悲伤情景不是人们都能体会到的生离死别,不能给读者的心灵留下任何痕迹。他描写的不是人们的内心世界,而是人们体内分泌的腺体。

  在他懂得这一切以前,他的写作活动犹如身居众生之间,注视着人类的末日来临。我决不接受人类末日这一说法。我们可以很轻松地说,人类永生,因为人类能够忍受。即使进地狱之门的最后一声钟声已经敲响,即使最后一缕暮色已从海滩落潮后最后一块无名的岩石上消失;即使到了这种地步,我们还可以听到一种声音,即人类的细小而永不疲惫的声音还在说话。所以,我决不能接受前面的观点。我认为人类不仅仅能忍受,人类还将取得胜利。人类之所以会永生,不仅仅因为他是各种动物中惟一能够永不疲倦地说话,还因为他有思想,有一种会怜悯人、能作出牺牲、能忍耐的精神。诗人和作家的责任就是要去描写这些东西。他的特权就是帮助人类提高精神境界,提醒他们记住过去曾使他们荣耀的东西:勇气、荣誉、希望、自豪、同情心、怜悯之心和牺牲精神。诗人的声音不能仅仅是为人类做的语言记录,而应是帮助人类忍受并取胜的道具和支柱。

  

主旨演讲

  主旨演讲的目的是使参加者感到舒适。作为一个主旨演讲者,你代表着活动的组织者,你的演讲内容帮助决定着整个活动的基调。

  把你的演讲限定在3到5分钟,确定其中包括了重要的信息,比如关于活动或组织的信息,受到欢迎的人们的情况,重要设施的地点(如果需要的话)以及听众希望知道的活动的其他部分。如果你认为听众对接下来的程序还有一些别的迫切的要求,并且这会有助于提高他们的参加兴趣,那么最好在开始时也提到这些需求。毕竟你不愿意把5分钟时间都花在告诉听众如何找到休息室和如何拿到一张饭票上。

  下面的这个主旨演讲中,演讲者的起点较高:指出远程办公发展情况和重要性,这也是这次会议的主旨;演讲者描述了会议的一些重要部分和在它背后的组织活动,注意一下演讲者是如何传递听众需要的信息而没有浪费一点时间的。

  举例:主旨演讲

  

远程办公咨询委员会的全国会议

 

 Laine Downs

  早上好,欢迎参加第十届远程办公咨询委员会的全国会议。今天,我们很高兴看到许许多多在座的各位,这也证明了自从1987年开始时我们就知道的:远程办公是一种有生存能力和重要的办公形式。近几年它的发展极为迅速,这主要归功于你们的努力。你们中的许多人在自己的公司贯彻执行了远程办公项目,其他的一些人向政府号召在全国范围投资兴建了社区电视广播系统,还有一些人作为商人意识到远程办公带来的经济红利,不仅仅对于电信工业,而且也使社区商业受益,工人们与家更为接近了。

  这个周末我们的目的是提供给你美国远程办公进展方面最新的有效信息,在这次会议中我们安排了一些重要的研讨会,涉及到与远程办公工作者相关的经济、环境、社会、技术以及立法问题。在周六的早上会有一个关于“如何贯彻示范性远程办公项目”的特殊讨论,我被告知还有一些空位,如果你感兴趣的话,一会儿结束后请到前厅去登记。

  你们一来到这里就收到了许多关于会议的资料,其中你会看到会议活动的全部日程和饭店的详细地图,它会告诉你每一项活动都在哪里举行。如果你需要更多的信息或者想要改变或添加你的会议登记内容,在今早的会议结束后我们的工作人员很乐意为你解决问题。

  正如你们知道的,远程办公咨询委员会最初是一个民间组织,现在我们已经明显壮大。1993年确立了我们的非营利地位并拓展了一些地区性的分会,如亚利桑那、得克萨斯、科罗拉多、新泽西和俄勒冈;另外,还在圣地亚哥、西雅图、旧金山、芝加哥设立了城市分会,当然我们的总部是在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿。我们很自豪地宣告我们的组织:国际性的/欧洲地区远程办公/远程遥感办公研讨会,或简称ECTF,以后会越来越多地被提到。

  远程办公咨询委员会在世界万维网上建立了自己的网站,我们的时事通讯每个月都在增加,每季度举行一次的听证会得到了我们的会员的热情同意。我们期望在以后的十年中有更多的工作者发现远程办公的益处,有更多的企业主和地区政府发现让员工远程办公而带来的经济、质量和环境上的益处。

  我们很高兴能处在这项新发展的前沿,在这个周末结束之后,你们不仅会带着远程办公领域可以帮助你们的朋友和合作伙伴离开本次会议,你们还会从我们召集的杰出专业人员和小组讨论代表身上得到许多新的信息、观念和技术。所以,再次欢迎你们的到来,期待着在周日的早餐会议上见到你们所有的人。

  

悼词

  在类似葬礼这种里程碑似的事件中,你或许会被要求发言。当这一时刻来临,你要记住以下几点:

  ●与其他朋友或家庭成员交谈,找出他们认为该说的重要部分。●强调死者一生中正面的事迹,但要实事求是。●保持简洁,除非家庭成员有要求,不要使用诗歌或过长的引文。听众想听到被歌颂人物的事迹,而并不想看到另一个人表现他的智慧。

  议员爱德华·肯尼迪在他哥哥议员罗伯特·肯尼迪的葬礼上发表了一篇歌功颂德的演讲,他是这样结束的。

  举例:悼词

  

罗伯特·肯尼迪的葬礼

 

 爱德华·肯尼迪

  那些爱他的人和将继承他的遗志的人今天都在祈祷:他在我们心中的意义和他对别人的祝愿有一天会传遍整个世界。

  就像他在这个国家的许多场合,对那些被他感动和试图感动他的人曾经说过多次的话:“有些人按照事物原本的模样来认识事物,他们问‘为什么’,而我希望从来不要认为事物是理所应当的,要问一句‘为什么不能’。”

  很明显,像以上这种演讲中的文字毫无疑问需要在演讲前做一番精心的准备。

  当你发表悼词演讲时,你应当实实在在地指出并围绕着你所歌颂的这个人的杰出成绩而做发言,当然,还要表现你对逝者的哀悼。

  1994年,在前第一夫人杰奎琳·肯尼迪的葬礼上,参议员爱德华·肯尼迪是用以下方式来缅怀其嫂子的。

  举例:悼词

  

杰奎琳·肯尼迪的葬礼

 

 爱德华·肯尼迪

  对于我们和国家来说,拥有她是一件幸事;对于世界来说,她则教育人们如何办好事情,如何成为母亲,如何欣赏历史,如何变得勇敢。

  没有人能够像她,像她一样谈论,像她一样写作,以她如此独特的方式行事。

  最后,再转向生者,鼓励他们超越悲伤和失落感,代之以感恩之心,因为毕竟死者曾经和他们一起生活过。斯潘塞伯爵在悼念其姐威尔士王妃戴安娜时,采用的就是下面的方式。

  举例:悼词

  

戴安娜的葬礼

 

 斯潘塞伯爵

  今天是一个机会,我们要说谢谢你,你的榜样照亮了我们的生活,虽然上帝只给了你一半的生命。你那么年轻就被上帝召回去了,我们大家总感到受了上帝的骗,然而我们不得不感到多蒙上帝之恩,毕竟上帝让你到我们这儿来过了。
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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20  发表于: 2004-04-03   

 COMMENCEMENT SPEECH

  Every graduation must have a speech, sometimes several. This unwritten but binding law means that the commencement address should take its place among other types of special-occasion speeches. Sometimes the commencement speaker is an outstanding member of the faculty or school administration. Increasingly, commencement speakers are politicians, writers, entertainers, and television celebrities. Whoever is elected, the commencement speaker must fulfill two important functions. First, the commencement speaker should praise the graduating class. The second function of the commencement speaker is to turn graduates toward the future.

  Example: Commencement Speech

  

Speech to the 1996 Graduates of the

 

 University of Carolina

  By Janet Reno

  You are the future of this country. I know you have the energy. I know you have the commitment. I know you can make the choice to stand for what is right and good in this world. If you choose public service, you will be choosing one of the most rewarding and fulfilling careers our society can offer. But whether you are running a business, or teaching a class, prosecuting criminals, or raising a family, you can make a difference.

  The following commencement address was presented at the University of West Florida on October 28,1993. The speech is lighthearted, it’s easy to read(and listen to), and most important, it’s short. The brevity would certainly be appreciated by anyone who has suffered through lengthy graduation speeches full of rambling platitudes about the graduates- brilliant future. Instead, Martha Sanders uses a simple theme of three-word phrases to provide some homespun advice to the graduates seated before her. She uses examples and stories to illustrate each of the three-word phrases and to make them memorable.

  Example: Commencement Speech

 

 Learn to Listen with Your Heart

 

 By Martha Sanders

  Delivered at the University of West Florida

  In the Department of Communication Arts we spend a great deal of time thinking and talking about words - the meaning of words, the persuasive value of words, the ethical implications of words and, generally, the impact of words as they are delivered in messages among people. Because of this, I was especially captured by a magazine article a few months ago which discussed how words influence people.

  The article suggested that the most important messages that humans deliver to one another are usually expressed in very simple terms. I hope that doesn’t shock you now that you’ve spent these past few yearsshavingsyour minds crammed with complicated thoughts. The article went on to suggest that the most influential messages in our language most often come in three-word phrases.

  I had to agree that three-word phrases such as“I love you”, or“there’s no charge,”or“and in conclusion”certainly were capable of prompting a strong reaction in me, and as I had hoped to impress you with profound thought today, I decided to share with you three three-word phrases that I have found useful as I have moved along in my life.

  The first three-word phrase I’ve found useful in life is this: I’ll be there. Have you ever thought about what a balm those three words can create?

  I’ll be there. If you’re ever had to call for a plumber over a weekend you know how really good these words can feel. Or it you’ve been stranded on the road with car trouble and used your last quarter to call a friend, you know how good those words can be. Think about them:“Grandma, I’m graduating in August!”I’ll be there.

  “Roommate, I’m stuck at the office and can’t get to the airport to meet my sister!”I’ll be there.

  “Mom the bady cries all night and if I don’t get some sleep I’ll perish!”I’ll be there.

  Recently I was talking with a local business person who is occasionally in a position to hire UWF graduates, and she told me the single most impressive thing a job candidate can do is to demonstrate a real interest in the well-being of that business. Someone who will help further the objectives of that organization, whether or not he or she is“on the clock”is going to be valuable person. In other words, be somebody who will be there.

  One of my favorite stories about someone who knew how to“be there”is told of Elizabeth, the Queen Mother of England, who was asked whether the little princesses(Elizabeth and Margaret Rose) would leave England after the Blitz of 1940, the queen replied:“The children will not leave England unless I do. I shall not leave unless their father does, and the king will not leave the country in any circumstances whatever.”I’ll be there.

  The second three-word phrase I want to present to you is perhaps the hardest to learn to say - I know it was for me and sometimes still is. That is, maybe“you’re right.”Think about it. If more people were to learn to say maybe you’re right the marriage counselors would be out of business and, with a little luck, the gun shops. I know from experience it can have a disarming effect on an opponent in an argument. In fact, one of my lawyer friends uses it often in his closing remarks - and he is a very successful lawyer. Maybe you’re right.

  It has been my experience that when we get so hung up on getting our own way that we will not concede on any point, we are doing ourselves a real disservice. Make life a little easier on yourself. Remember the old saying:“There are a hundred ways to skin a cat - and every single one of them is right.”Maybe you’re right.

  The third phrase I want to introduce to you I must have heard a thousand times when I was a little girl. Whenever I was faced with a hard decision I would turn to my caregiver and ask what I should do. Her response was always the same three-letter phrase -“Your heart knows”- then she would go on about what she was doing.“What’s that supposed to mean? I need advice here. I need for you to tell me what to do.”

  She would just smile and say.“Your heart knows, honey, your heart knows.”

  But as I was an imperious child, I would throw my hand on my hip and say.“Maybe so, but my heart isn’t talking!”

  To this she would respond -“Learn to listen.”Now, life doesn’t come in the form of a degree plan. There’s no Great Advisor over there who will give you a checklist and say,“Do these things and you’ll earn your degree in‘life’.”

  To some extent, the page is blank now. You may have a rough outline ofswheresyou’re headed, but I can assure you, you won’t get there withoutshavingsto make some tough decisions - and decision making is never easy.

  You may be able to find people to suggest what you should do, but for me most part, no one will be willing to accept the responsibility for your mistakes. You’ll have to make your own choices.

  My advice to you today is to learn to listen to your heart. The psychologists call this“tuning in to our subconscious.”Spiritual leaders call it“turning to higher power.”Whatever you call it, there is an ability in each of you to find the right answers for your life. It’s there and it’s a powerful gift that all the education or degrees in the world can’t acquire for you. You’ve had it all along - now, you’re going to have to use it.

  In“The Bending of the Bough,”George Moore wrote:“The difficulty in life is the choice.”

  Choose well, Graduates.
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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19  发表于: 2004-04-03   
 COMMEMORATIVE SPEECH

  The following commemorative speech was delivered to the people of South Africa on May 10, 1994.Nelson Mandela was celebrating the hard-won liberty and equality for all South Africans. The noble rhetoric and lofty language are appropriate for this auspicious occasion. In fact, this speech is a good example of how the needs of the speaking situation dictate what is said and how the speaker says it. In addition to well-chosen and inspiring words, President Mandela uses repetition and alliteration to build momentum throughout the speech. With repeated references to We, he attempts, rhetorically, to unite the people of South Africa and heal the wounds that have divided his country. This speech proudly marches to conclusion and ends on a high note. Readers today can almost see the sun streaming down on South Africa as freedom begins its reign.

  Example: Commemorative Speech

 

 Glory and Hope: Let There Be Work,

  

Bread, Water, and Salt for All

  By Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa

  Your majesties, your royal highnesses, distinguished guests, comrades and friends:

  Today, all of us do, by our presence here, and by our celebrations in other parts of our country and the world, confer glory and hope to newborn liberty.

  Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long must be born a society of which all humanity will be proud.

  Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must produce an actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity’s belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all.

  All this we owe both to ourselves and to the peoples of the world who are so well represented here today.

  To my compatriots, I have hesitation in saying that each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushel.

  Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change.

  We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when the grass turns green and the flowers bloom.

  That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland explains the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in terrible conflict, and as we saw it spurned, outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world, precisely because it has become the universal base of the pernicious ideology and practice of racism and racial oppression.

  We, the people of South Africa, feel fulfilled that humanity has taken us back /into/ its bosom, that we, who were outlaws not so long ago, have today been given the rare privilege to be host to the nations of the world on our own soil.

  We thank all our distinguished international guests forshavingscome to take possession with the people of our country of what is, after all, a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity.

  We trust that you will continue to stand by us as we tackle the challenges of building peace, prosperity, nonsexist, nonracialism and democracy.

  We deeply appreciate the role that the masses of our people and their democratic, religious, women, youth, business, traditional and other leaders have played to bring about this conclusion. Not least among them is my Second Deputy President, the Honorable E. W. de Clerk.

  We would also like to pay tribute to our security forces, in all their ranks, for the distinguished role they have played in securing our first democratic elections and the transition to democracy, from bloodthirsty forces which still refuse to see the light.

  The time for the healing of the wounds has come.

  The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come.

  The time to build is upon us.

  We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination.

  We succeeded to take our last steps to freedom in conditions of relative peace. We commit ourselves to the construction of a complete, just and lasting peace.

  We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our people. We enter /into/ a covenant that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity - a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world.

  As a token of its commitment to the renewal of our country, the new Interim Government of National Unity will, as a matter of urgency, address the issue of amnesty various categories of our people who are currently serving terms of imprisonment.

  We dedicate this day to all the heroes and heroines in this country and the rest of the world who sacrificed in many ways and surrendered their lives so that we could free.

  Their dreams have become reality. Freedom is their reward.We are both humbled and elevated by the honor and privilege that you, the people of South Africa, have bestowed on us, as the first president of a united, democratic, nonracial and nonsexist South Africa, to lead our country out of the valley of darkness.

  We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom.

  We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success.

  We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world.

  Let there be justice for all.

  Let there be peace for all.

  Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all.

  Let each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed to fulfill themselves.

  Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world.

  The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement!

  Let freedom reign, God bless Africa!

  The following commemorative speech was presented by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963.

  Dr. Kings powerful message about continuing the struggle for civil rights is one of the most famous speeches of the twentieth century. King was speaking to crowd of 200,000 supporters who had gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to demonstrate their support for a civil rights bill that was stalled in Congress. King’s concrete, compelling language portrays the consequences of racial discrimination in human terms rather than as vague conceptual issues. Using vivid imagery, metaphor, and rhythm, King speaks eloquently of his dream of freedom for all. The phrase“I have a dream”echoes throughout the second half of the speech and is answered by the phrase“let freedom ring”as it’s repeated throughout the conclusion. These recurring phrases reinforce the mental images created by King’s words, and they help motivate listeners to take action. King’s dramatic delivery was so effective that by his closing words, listeners were rising to their feet and applauding thunderously in acclamation.

  Example: Commemorative Speech

  

I Have a Dream

  

By Martin Luther King

  I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

  Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

  But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we’ve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

  In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s Capitol to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men - yes, black men as well as white men - would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

  It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check - a check which has come back marked“insufficient funds.”

  But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so we’ve come to cash this check - a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.

  We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksand’s of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children.

  It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

  But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads /into/ the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.

  We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate /into/ physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.

  The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people. For many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.

  We cannot walk alone. As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights.“When will you be satisfied?”We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our vain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating“For Whites Only.”We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.

  I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areasswheresyour quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the wounds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

  Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow his situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.

  I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

  I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of his creed,“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”

  I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

  I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed /into/ an oasis of freedom and justice.

  I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nationswheresthey will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.

  I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today.

  I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plane and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

  This is our hope. This is the faith that goes back to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation /into/ a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

  This will be the day - this will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning.“Mr country’s of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing, Landswheresmy fathers died, land of the pilgrim’s pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring.”And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.

  So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.

  Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.

  Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!

  Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!

  Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California!

  But not only that. Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!

  Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!

  Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

  And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring - when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city - we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual,“Free at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last!”
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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10: Special Speech
 

 PRESENTATION SPEECH

  An award presentation speech can be longer than introducing a speaker, depending on the situation. The emphasis is on the recipient’s past actions, not what the recipient will say when accepting the award. Here’s a classic example.

  Example: Presentation Speech

  

Colorado Beautification Award

  

By Mayor Mary Herron

  As Mayor of Colorado, California, I am frequently called on to present awards and commendations, but this particular award has great meaning for our community. We have inaugurated the Colorado Beautification Award to recognize the outstanding efforts of our citizens who provide this island community with its memorable elegance, its visual refreshment - in short, some of the most beautiful gardens we’ve seen anywhere in the world!

  As you all know, Colorado frequently plays host to presidents and dignitaries, and not a few celebrities, officials, men and women of the Armed Forces, America’s Cup racers, and other fascinating people from around the world. As they travel our small-town streets, gazing at the mansions, the Victorians, and the cozy cottages, one of the most commonly heard remarks is,“Oh, look at that beautiful garden!”The world has come to our doorstep and appreciates what it sees. We felt it was time to honor our next-door neighbors for the hours, thought, expense, and good old-fashioned toil they’re invested to make our island community a blooming paradise.

  This choice was not an easy one for our judges to make, as they’ll be glad to tell you, but after much study and consideration, our judges have named Brian and Andrea Applegate of 555“B”Avenue as our first recipients of the Colorado Beautification Award. If you’ve driven or walked by the Applegate home, you know that they have not been content to keep their roses, wisteria vines, flowering plums and exotic annuals well-tended inside the walls of their classic cottage garden. For the passersby who might feel shy about peeking through the arched trellis for a glimpse, the Applegate have extended this floral profusion outside their garden walls. They’re planted a colorful abundance of roses, shrubs, annuals, and perennials along the sidewalks of their corner lot,swhereseveryone can enjoy them.

  Mr. and Mrs. Applegate, if you’ll step up here please... I am honored to present you with this plaque which pays tribute to your selfless toil and investment. You have truly beautified our community, and you richly deserve the first Colorado Beautification Award!

  (She presents the plaque, steps aside, and joins the applause for the beaming couple.)

 

 ACCEPTANCE SPEECH

  The key to a successful acceptance speech is to be brief, especially if other people are receiving awards or honors after you. The dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov once accepted an award for actress Marlene Dietrich. When he asked her what he should say, she told him,“Take the thing, look at it, thank them, and go. That’s it! They don’t have time to listen anyway.”This is extreme - but good - advice. You want to let the audience know that you sincerely appreciate the honor without wasting too much of their time.

  Be sure to credit other people who helped you achieve what you are being honored for, but keep the list short and meaningful. The help might have been direct (such as co-workers contributing to a project) or indirect (such as your family not complaining about the extra time you spent on the project rather than with them).

  Avoid being overly effusive. You’ll usually want to avoid phrases like“greatest day of my life”or“best thing that has ever happened to me.”These tend to sound insincere. Express sincerely what the honor means to you, limiting the use of superlatives. Temper your enthusiasm with humility.

  Elie Wiesel spent most of his adult life tracking down Nazi war criminals, and when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, he began his acceptance speech with the following paragraphs.

  Example: Acceptance Speech

  

Nobel Peace Prize

  

By Elie Wiesel

  It is with a profound sense of humility that I accept the honor you have chosen to bestow upon me. I know your choice transcends me. This both frightens and pleases me. It frightens me because I wonder: Do I have the right to represent the multitudes who have perished? Do I have the right to accept this great honor on their behalf? I do not. That would be presumptuous. No one may speak for the dead, no one may interpret their mutilated dreams and visions.

  It pleases me because I may say that this honor belongs to all the survivors and their children, and through us, to the Jewish people with whose destiny I have always identified.

  This introduction by Wiesel to his acceptance speech is so effective that he almost could have stopped right there.

  The acceptance speech given by the couple who won the garden contest is a model of graciousness. Notice how they thank people who’ve helped them along the way and share the joy they experience as gardeners, rather than focusing on their own talents or accomplishments.

  Example: Acceptance Speech

 

 Coronado Beautification Award

  

By Mr. Brian Applegate & Mrs. Andrea Applegate

  Mr. Brian Applegate:

  Thank you, Mayor Herron, friends, judges of the committee. My wife and I are quite touched by this honor, considering the many beautiful homes and gardens that cover this island. It has always been our joy to fill our garden with new plants, and things just kept expanding, until I believe we have finally run out of room for more. If our joy brings pleasure to others, then so much the better. Andrea, would you like to add a word?

  Mrs. Andrea Applegate:

  I would just like to thank our many friends who have given us cuttings from their own gardens; our children, who have endured our passion for pulling weeds and digging in the manure every spring; my mother, who taught me how to prune a rose; and the committee for bestowing this honor upon us. We’ve just been doing what we love to do, and we’re glad you’ve enjoyed it, too. Thank you all.

  Example: Acceptance Speech

  

The Nobel Prize for Literature

  

By William Faulkner

  I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work - a life’s work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit, something which did not exist before. So this award is only mine in trust. It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand hereswheresI am standing.

  Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. There are no longer problems of the spirit. There are only the questions: When will I be blown up? Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.

  He must learn them again. He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labors under a curse. He writes not of love but of lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or compassion. His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving none of the heart but of the glands.

  Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure: that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. The poet’s, the writer’s, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. The poet’s voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and prevail.

 

 KEYNOTE SPEECH

  The keynote speech is intended to make participants feel comfortable. As the presenter of the keynote speech, you represent the people who organized the event. What you say helps set the tone for the entire event.

  While limiting your speech to between three and five minutes, be sure to include vital information, such as information about the organization or event, about the people being welcomed, about the location of important facilities (if needed), and about what the audience can expect from the rest of the event. If you think your audience has other pressing questions or concerns that may keep them from paying attention to or enjoying the programs that follow, it’s a good idea to address these points at the beginning. On the other hand, you don’t want to spend five minutes pointing out the location of the restrooms and the procedure for getting a lunch ticket.

  In the following keynote speech, the speaker starts on a high note: pointing out the growth and importance of telecommuting, which is the subject of the conference. The speaker goes on to describe some highlights of the conference and the organization behind it. Notice how the speaker refers listeners to an information packer that contains all the details they’ll need without spending any valuable time going over the details.

  Example: Keynote Speech

  

National Conference of the Telecommuting

  

Advisory Council

  By Laine Downs

  Good morning and welcome to the tenth National Conference of the Telecommuting Advisory Council. We are glad to see so many of you here today, proving what we have known since our inception in 1987: that telecommuting is a viable and important work style which has grown tremendously in recent years, largely due to your efforts. Many of you are responsible for implementing telecommuting programs at your companies; others among you are responsible for the government programs that are funding community telecasters throughout the nation; and still others among you are businesspeople who recognize the economic bonus telecommuting can offer, not only to the telecommunications industry, but to community businesses that benefit as workers stay closer to home.

  Our purpose this weekend is to provide you with the most current information available about advances in the U.S. telecommuting sector. We have scheduled important forums throughout the conference covering the economic, environmental, social, technological, and legislative issues related to the telecommuting workforce. On Saturday morning, we’re offering a special workshop on“How to Implement a Pilot Telecommuting Program”and I’m told that there are a few spaces left, so if you’re interested, please head over to the registration table in the lobby as soon as we’re finished here.

  When you came in you received a packet of information about the conference; inside you’ll find a complete schedule of conference events and a detailed map of the hotel, which will show youswheresevery event is being held. If you need more information or if you wish to change or add to your workshop registrations, our staff will be glad to help you after this morning’s session.

  As you know, the Telecommuting Advisory Council began as a grass-roots organization and we have grown phenomenally, gaining our nonprofit status in 1993 and expanding to encompass regional chapters in Arizona, Texas, Colorado, New Jersey, and Oregon, with city chapters in San Diego, Los Angeles and Oranges County, Sacramento, Atlanta, Seattle, San Francisco, Chicago, and of course, our national headquarters in Washington, D.C. Were proud to announce the formation of our International/European Community Telework / Telematics Forum or ECTF, which you’ll be hearing more about later.

  The Telecommuting Advisory Council has also established a presence on the World Wide Web, our newsletter is growing every month, and our quarterly audio conferences have met with enthusiastic approval from our membership. We expect more of the same in the next ten years as larger numbers of the working population discover the benefits of telecommuting and as employers and community governments discover the economic, qualitative, and environmental benefits of allowing workers to telecommute.

  We’re very excited about being at the forefront of this new development, and we know that by the end of this weekend, you will leave our conference not only with new friends and associates who can support your efforts in the telecommuting field but also with new information, ideas, and skills gained from the distinguished faculty and panel representatives we’ve been able to assemble. So, again, I welcome you, and look forward to seeing all of you at our breakfast forum on Sunday.

 

 EULOGY

  One milestone at which you may be asked to speak is funeral. Here are a few things to remember if you are asked to give a eulogy, a tribute delivered at a funeral service.

  ●Talk to other friends and family; find out what they think is important to say.●Emphasize the positive aspects of the deceased’s life, but again, be realistic.●Keep it short. Avoid using poems or long quotes, unless requested by the family. The audience wants to hear about the person being eulogized, not the wisdom of somebody else.

  Senator Edward Kennedy delivered a eulogy at the funeral of his brother, Senator Robert Kennedy. He ended with the following words.

  Example: Eulogy

 

 Funeral of Robert Kennedy

  

By Edward Kennedy

  Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today pray that what he was to us, and what he wished for others, will some day come to pass for all the world.

  As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touches and who sought to touch him:“Some men see things as they are and say why. I dream things that never were and say, why not.”

  Obviously, words of eulogy as fitting as these were no doubt prepared with great care before the speech.

  When you deliver a eulogy, you should mention-indeed, linger over - the unique achievements of the person to whom you are paying tribute and, of course, express a sense of loss.

  At the funeral of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1994, Senator Edward Kennedy remembered his sister-in-law in the following way.

  Example: Eulogy

  

Funeral of Jacqueline Kennedy

  

By Edward Kennedy

  She was a blessing to us and to the nation, and a lesson to the world on how to do things right, how to be a mother, how to appreciate history, how to be courageous.

  No one else looked like her, spoke like her, wrote like her, or was so original in the way she did things.

  Finally, turn to the living, and encourage them to transcend their sorrow and sense of loss and feel instead gratitude that the dead person had once been alive among them. In eulogizing his sister, Diana, the Princess of Wales, Earl Spencer affirmed in the following way.

  Example: Eulogy

  

Funeral of Diana

  

By Earl Spencer

  Today is our chance to say thank you for the way you brightened our lives, even though God granted you but half a life. We will all feel cheated, always, that you were taken from us so young, and yet we must learn to be grateful that you came along at all.
        风来疏竹,风过而竹不留声;
                   雁渡寒潭,雁去而潭不留影。
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